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However, despite the constancy in direction and magnitude of the gravity vector on Earth, it is well known that plants respond to gravity alterations. 1 Therefore, all living organisms are well adapted to the different conditions on Earth. Since the beginning of life on Earth, organisms have evolved in an environment of physico-chemical factors, many of them changing (pressure, temperature, humidity,…) while a few remained constant or almost constant, such as the gravitational and magnetic fields. Both partial g simulation strategies seem valid and show similar results at Moon g-levels, but further research is needed, in spaceflight and simulation facilities, especially around and beyond Mars g levels to better understand more precisely the differences and constrains in the use of these facilities for the space biology community. This suggests that the threshold for sensing and responding to gravity alteration in the root would be at a level intermediate between Moon and Mars gravity. However, the results at the simulated Mars level were close to the 1 g static control. The effects were even higher at the Moon level than at simulated microgravity, indicating that meristematic competence (balance between cell growth and proliferation) is also affected at this gravity level. Cell proliferation appeared increased and cell growth was depleted under Moon gravity, compared with the 1 g control. Fixed root meristematic cells from 4-day grown seedlings were analyzed for cell proliferation rate and rate of ribosome biogenesis using morphometrical methods and molecular markers of the regulation of cell cycle and nucleolar activity. In parallel, seeds germinated under simulated microgravity (RPM), or at 1 g control conditions. Seeds of Arabidopsis thaliana were germinated under simulated Moon (0.17 g) and Mars (0.38 g) gravity. The effects of the simulated partial gravity were tested in plant root meristematic cells, a system with known response to real and simulated microgravity.
#Gravity lab simulation software#
We have developed and compared two different paradigms to simulate partial gravity using the RPM, one by implementing a centrifuge on the RPM (RPM HW), the other by applying specific software protocols to driving the RPM motors (RPM SW). Clinostats and Random Positioning Machine (RPM) are used to simulate microgravity, but, for space exploration, we need to know the response of living systems to fractional levels of gravity (partial gravity) as they exist on Moon and Mars.